Ayagar System It was a socio-economii: system which originated first in Karnataka region in ancient periods and then spread to Tamil and Andhra regions in the medieval period. It meant that the requirements of the rural population in certain goods and social services were met by a staff of professionals, who were remunerated not with the payment for work done, but summarily with a fraction of gross agricultural produce called "Ayam". All village artisans and menials together with the community administrative staff were therefore known by the common name of "Ayagars" (receivers of the 'ayam').
Amil Common name for revenue collection during medieval period and early British period.
Abwab Miscellaneous cesses and imposts levied by the zamindars and public officials.
Aurang Depot for manufactured goods or localised manufacturing area.
Batuta System Similar to the ayagar system, it was prevalent in Western India and Deccan during the medieval period. Under this system a fixed annual share of each peasant family's corn and garden produce called "Baluta", was permanently assigned for the subsistence of about 12 village servants and artisans called "Balutadars". They were not employed by the individual peasants' families but by the village as a whole and were expected to serve villagers whenever required in their respective capacities fixed by their castes.
Batai It was one of the several methods of revenue calculation and collection that was prevalent in medieval India. In this crop was divided between the cultivator and the government in different ways either before or after the harvest. It was also known as the Galla Bakshi system.
Bhagdari It was a system under which "bhagdars" (partners) were collectively, not individually, responsible for payment of revenue to the government.
Bargadar Share cropper in Eastern India. Having the status of a tenant-at-will, he occupied the land only as long as the landowner allowed.
Bhagdar Partner shareholder of a joint village in some parts of western India. Also called 'Patidars' and 'Narwadars'.
Bania Merchant throughout the sub-continent. In some areas he also acted as the banker or money changer.
Banjara Merchant who specialised in the carrying (caravan) trade, particularly in grain, slat and cattle, throughout India.
Bhaiachara Brotherhood holding lands or certain rights and privileges as common property.
Bigha Measure of land area, varying widely but never more than an acre.
Chauth One-fourth of the land revenue of an undefined belt of land paid to the Marathas by the Mughals and other native rulers so that those areas would not be subjected to Maratha raids.
Cartaze System A system in which every Indian ship sailing to a destination not reserved by Portuguese for their own trade had to buy a pass (cartaze) from the Portuguese viceroy of Goa if it was to avoid the seizure and confiscation of its merchandise.
Chetti or Chettiar Merchant of South India. Chowki Customs outpost.
Cowries Conch shells used as a medium of exchange. Dahsala A revenue system in which the average produce of different crops as well as the average prices of the past 10 years were calculated and One-third of the average produce in terms of cash was collected by the State as the land revenue. It was introduced by Akbar in his 24th year of reign.
Danabandi It was a revenue system in which not the actual crop (as in the Batai system) but the estimated crop was divided between the government and the cultivator. During the British period the zamindars under the permanent settlement increasingly demanded payment of their share of estimated crop not in kind but in cash at market rates of the certain periods of the year which proved disastrous to the cultivators.
Desai or Deshmukh Principal hereditary revenue officer of a district (sarkar) or sub-district (Pargana) in western India and Deccan.
Deshpande Hereditary accountant of revenue collection at the district or subdistrict level in Western India or Deccan.
Dadni System The system in which merchants (both Indian and European) gave cash and raw material advances (dadan) to the artisans and later bought the finished products. Though it originated and grew in Bengal, later it spread to other parts of India as well. It is not the same as the "putting out" system in so far as the transactions ; t covered were still sales, with the artisan retaining con
'rable independence.
Dumdupat A rule under which no debtor was liable to pay an amount of interest exceeding the principal or original loan itself. Prevalent in western India.
Dalai Broker middleman in commercial transactions. Daroga Head of police, customs or excise outpost. Diwani Right to collect revenue of a province. Farman Royal order or decree.
Grantidar Person holding land tenure (granti) directly
under the government or zamindar in some parts of eastern India (e.g. Jessore dist.). In other parts of eastern India, these tenure holders were known by different names such as "Jatedar" in Rangpur dist., 'Haoladars' in Bakaraganj dist., "Gatchdass" in Purnea dist., "Mandals" in Midnapore dist. etc. These people were mostly big tenure holders who depended considerably on hired labour for the cultivation of their lands. Their origins were largely associated willi large-scale reclamation of wasteland particularly in the early part of British period.
Goldar Wholesale merchant owning a warehouse (gola) Ganj Mart or trade centre or market.
Hali or Haliya Bonded agricultural labourer of Western India.
Hundi An indigenous bill of exchange in Mughal India it promised payment after a specific period (2 months 0] less) at a particular place allowing a discount whicl included interest, insurance charges and cost of transmis. sion of money. Hundis increasingly became the standarc form of payment in major commercial transactions in 18ft century. In the long distance trade, they not only met thE requirements of an expanding demanc!. for credit, bu reduced the risks involved in the transmission of cash distant places. Their business was mainly in the hands 0 the professional money changers or bankers, called thE "Sarrafs" or "Shroffs".
Hasil Land revenue actually collected or realised from an estate or area. Hat Periodic village fair.
Ijara It means practice of revenue farming. According to this practice, the right to farm or collect revenue wal granted temporarily to the highest bidder in an auction bJ the government or the zamindar of the jagirdar. In retun for this function, the ijaradar (revenue farmer) was re warded with a commission of 4 to 6 per cent and a fev other benefits. Having its origins in the reign of Shah Jahan it became common during Aurangzeb's period and unde the later Mughals. The British also used this practice for some time in eastern India.
Ijaradar Revenue farmer in eastern India.
Iqtadar Holders of an 'igta' under the Delhi Sultans Also known as "Muqti".
Inam Revenue free land or some gift from superior inferior.
Iqta Unit of land whose revenues were assigned t( government officials in lieu of their salaries in the Delli Sultanate.
Jajmani System It was a reciprocal system of prescribe rights and obligsrt1ons-between specific rural families.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Congratulations for collecting such wonderful information and putting it in one place. To know how the sytem worked in yester years is really astonishing.
ReplyDeleteWork From Home