Jagirdar Holder of a "jagir" under the Mughals. Jaziya A religious tax paid by all the "Zimmis". Jagir Mughal equivalent to the iqta of the Delhi Sultans. Jama Total land revenue levied or expected from an estate or area.
Jamabandi Settlement of the amount of revenue assessed upon an estate or village or district.
Kankut It was a method of revenue calculation in which the cultivator and the government official arrived at a general estimate of the produce of the whole area on the basis of sample survey by mutual agreement, and government's share was accordingly fixed.
Kulkarni Village accountant in western India and the Deccan.
Kharaj Land revenue in the Muslim ruled states of medieval India.
Khums Traditionally one-fifth share of the State in the war booty and treasure troves, mines, etc. but became fourfifth from the time of Ala-ud-din Khalji Kamiya Bonded agricultural labourer of eastern India.
Kanamdar Holder of land tenure under the zamindars (jenmis) in Kerala. During the term of the tenure (usually 12 years) the kanamdar paid the jenmi a lower rent than other tenants. For, at the beginning of the term he paid the jenmi a lump sum (the 'Kanam') and the rent he had to pay was accordingly reduced. The kanamdar either cultivated the land himself or let it out to other tenants such as "Pattamdars".
Khudkashta A peasant who was a permanent resident of the village and had ownership rights of his lands and implements and paid land revenue to the state directly in Mughal India. In Maharashtra he was called 'Mirasdar' (holders of 'Miras' lands), and in Rajasthan as 'Gharuhala' or 'Gaveti'.
Kofra A tenant with certain customary rights in his land in eastern India.
Khatbandi Indenture regulations which bound the artisans of Eastern India to sell their products exclusively to the English East India Company from the late 1770s onwards.
Karkhana Royal factory where different types of goods were manufactured for the royal court and the army under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals.
Kaulnama Written voucher granted to revenue payers specifying the terms of their payments and the amounts.
Khalisa Crown land or land held and managed directly by the state.
Mahalwari It was a system of land revenue assessment in which the unit of assessment was a 'mahal' or estate but not an individual holding. Under the system, the responsibility for the payment of revenue was collective, and the government reserved the right to periodically revise the revenue demand. It was introduced by the British in the Gangetic valley, the Punjab, North-Western Province, and parts of Central India.
Malguzar Holder of "malguzari", Le. revenue engagement right, in northern and central India, under the British.
Mamlatdar Non-hereditary revenue official in charge of district or sub-district in western India and Deccan under the Marathas.
Muqaddam Village headman in north India, also called "Khot".
Muzarian Share-cropper in Mughal India.
Mahajan Wholesale merchant or big banker in eastern, northern and western India.
Marwari Native of Marwar in Rajasthan who followed the business of banker, merchant and broker.
Madad-i-Maash Land whose revenues were assigned by the State to the religious and learned persons or religious and benevolent institutions.
Malikana Special allowance assigned to the zamindar by the State out of the land revenue because of his superior right over the land.
Mandi Wholesale market Manotidar A banker or money lender who provided
guarantee or stood security to the intermediary revenue collector after receiving a premium (manoti) for that purpose from the latter.
Milki Proprietorship or ownership especially of land. Mohur Gold coin.
Muafi Revenue-free holdings.
Mukarari Tenure at fixed rates of rent or revenue.
Nasaq In this method the revenue payable by the cultivator was calculated on the basis of past experience.
Nattar A person belonging to the local ruling class and dominating local land and people in Tamil Nadu.
Nazrana Gift usually from inferior to superior. Force contribution.
Palegar or Poligar Petty chieftain or zamindar who enjoyed hereditary right of revenue collection in South India.
Patel or Patil Village headman in western India and Deccan.
Patwari Village accountant in northern and central India.
Pahi A peasant who was basically an 'outsider' but cultivated the rented lands in a village either while staying in the neighbouring village or by staying in the same village in Mughal India. In Maharashtra he was known as "Upari".
Patnidar Holder of a "patni" or undertenure in a zamindari in some parts of eastern India (e.g. Burdwan dist.)
Paikar Merchant agents concerned with buying goods from artisans in eastern India.
Showing posts with label Historical Significance. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Historical Significance. Show all posts
Monday, November 30, 2009
ECONOMIC TERMS OF HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Ayagar System It was a socio-economii: system which originated first in Karnataka region in ancient periods and then spread to Tamil and Andhra regions in the medieval period. It meant that the requirements of the rural population in certain goods and social services were met by a staff of professionals, who were remunerated not with the payment for work done, but summarily with a fraction of gross agricultural produce called "Ayam". All village artisans and menials together with the community administrative staff were therefore known by the common name of "Ayagars" (receivers of the 'ayam').
Amil Common name for revenue collection during medieval period and early British period.
Abwab Miscellaneous cesses and imposts levied by the zamindars and public officials.
Aurang Depot for manufactured goods or localised manufacturing area.
Batuta System Similar to the ayagar system, it was prevalent in Western India and Deccan during the medieval period. Under this system a fixed annual share of each peasant family's corn and garden produce called "Baluta", was permanently assigned for the subsistence of about 12 village servants and artisans called "Balutadars". They were not employed by the individual peasants' families but by the village as a whole and were expected to serve villagers whenever required in their respective capacities fixed by their castes.
Batai It was one of the several methods of revenue calculation and collection that was prevalent in medieval India. In this crop was divided between the cultivator and the government in different ways either before or after the harvest. It was also known as the Galla Bakshi system.
Bhagdari It was a system under which "bhagdars" (partners) were collectively, not individually, responsible for payment of revenue to the government.
Bargadar Share cropper in Eastern India. Having the status of a tenant-at-will, he occupied the land only as long as the landowner allowed.
Bhagdar Partner shareholder of a joint village in some parts of western India. Also called 'Patidars' and 'Narwadars'.
Bania Merchant throughout the sub-continent. In some areas he also acted as the banker or money changer.
Banjara Merchant who specialised in the carrying (caravan) trade, particularly in grain, slat and cattle, throughout India.
Bhaiachara Brotherhood holding lands or certain rights and privileges as common property.
Bigha Measure of land area, varying widely but never more than an acre.
Chauth One-fourth of the land revenue of an undefined belt of land paid to the Marathas by the Mughals and other native rulers so that those areas would not be subjected to Maratha raids.
Cartaze System A system in which every Indian ship sailing to a destination not reserved by Portuguese for their own trade had to buy a pass (cartaze) from the Portuguese viceroy of Goa if it was to avoid the seizure and confiscation of its merchandise.
Chetti or Chettiar Merchant of South India. Chowki Customs outpost.
Cowries Conch shells used as a medium of exchange. Dahsala A revenue system in which the average produce of different crops as well as the average prices of the past 10 years were calculated and One-third of the average produce in terms of cash was collected by the State as the land revenue. It was introduced by Akbar in his 24th year of reign.
Danabandi It was a revenue system in which not the actual crop (as in the Batai system) but the estimated crop was divided between the government and the cultivator. During the British period the zamindars under the permanent settlement increasingly demanded payment of their share of estimated crop not in kind but in cash at market rates of the certain periods of the year which proved disastrous to the cultivators.
Desai or Deshmukh Principal hereditary revenue officer of a district (sarkar) or sub-district (Pargana) in western India and Deccan.
Deshpande Hereditary accountant of revenue collection at the district or subdistrict level in Western India or Deccan.
Dadni System The system in which merchants (both Indian and European) gave cash and raw material advances (dadan) to the artisans and later bought the finished products. Though it originated and grew in Bengal, later it spread to other parts of India as well. It is not the same as the "putting out" system in so far as the transactions ; t covered were still sales, with the artisan retaining con
'rable independence.
Dumdupat A rule under which no debtor was liable to pay an amount of interest exceeding the principal or original loan itself. Prevalent in western India.
Dalai Broker middleman in commercial transactions. Daroga Head of police, customs or excise outpost. Diwani Right to collect revenue of a province. Farman Royal order or decree.
Grantidar Person holding land tenure (granti) directly
under the government or zamindar in some parts of eastern India (e.g. Jessore dist.). In other parts of eastern India, these tenure holders were known by different names such as "Jatedar" in Rangpur dist., 'Haoladars' in Bakaraganj dist., "Gatchdass" in Purnea dist., "Mandals" in Midnapore dist. etc. These people were mostly big tenure holders who depended considerably on hired labour for the cultivation of their lands. Their origins were largely associated willi large-scale reclamation of wasteland particularly in the early part of British period.
Goldar Wholesale merchant owning a warehouse (gola) Ganj Mart or trade centre or market.
Hali or Haliya Bonded agricultural labourer of Western India.
Hundi An indigenous bill of exchange in Mughal India it promised payment after a specific period (2 months 0] less) at a particular place allowing a discount whicl included interest, insurance charges and cost of transmis. sion of money. Hundis increasingly became the standarc form of payment in major commercial transactions in 18ft century. In the long distance trade, they not only met thE requirements of an expanding demanc!. for credit, bu reduced the risks involved in the transmission of cash distant places. Their business was mainly in the hands 0 the professional money changers or bankers, called thE "Sarrafs" or "Shroffs".
Hasil Land revenue actually collected or realised from an estate or area. Hat Periodic village fair.
Ijara It means practice of revenue farming. According to this practice, the right to farm or collect revenue wal granted temporarily to the highest bidder in an auction bJ the government or the zamindar of the jagirdar. In retun for this function, the ijaradar (revenue farmer) was re warded with a commission of 4 to 6 per cent and a fev other benefits. Having its origins in the reign of Shah Jahan it became common during Aurangzeb's period and unde the later Mughals. The British also used this practice for some time in eastern India.
Ijaradar Revenue farmer in eastern India.
Iqtadar Holders of an 'igta' under the Delhi Sultans Also known as "Muqti".
Inam Revenue free land or some gift from superior inferior.
Iqta Unit of land whose revenues were assigned t( government officials in lieu of their salaries in the Delli Sultanate.
Jajmani System It was a reciprocal system of prescribe rights and obligsrt1ons-between specific rural families.
Amil Common name for revenue collection during medieval period and early British period.
Abwab Miscellaneous cesses and imposts levied by the zamindars and public officials.
Aurang Depot for manufactured goods or localised manufacturing area.
Batuta System Similar to the ayagar system, it was prevalent in Western India and Deccan during the medieval period. Under this system a fixed annual share of each peasant family's corn and garden produce called "Baluta", was permanently assigned for the subsistence of about 12 village servants and artisans called "Balutadars". They were not employed by the individual peasants' families but by the village as a whole and were expected to serve villagers whenever required in their respective capacities fixed by their castes.
Batai It was one of the several methods of revenue calculation and collection that was prevalent in medieval India. In this crop was divided between the cultivator and the government in different ways either before or after the harvest. It was also known as the Galla Bakshi system.
Bhagdari It was a system under which "bhagdars" (partners) were collectively, not individually, responsible for payment of revenue to the government.
Bargadar Share cropper in Eastern India. Having the status of a tenant-at-will, he occupied the land only as long as the landowner allowed.
Bhagdar Partner shareholder of a joint village in some parts of western India. Also called 'Patidars' and 'Narwadars'.
Bania Merchant throughout the sub-continent. In some areas he also acted as the banker or money changer.
Banjara Merchant who specialised in the carrying (caravan) trade, particularly in grain, slat and cattle, throughout India.
Bhaiachara Brotherhood holding lands or certain rights and privileges as common property.
Bigha Measure of land area, varying widely but never more than an acre.
Chauth One-fourth of the land revenue of an undefined belt of land paid to the Marathas by the Mughals and other native rulers so that those areas would not be subjected to Maratha raids.
Cartaze System A system in which every Indian ship sailing to a destination not reserved by Portuguese for their own trade had to buy a pass (cartaze) from the Portuguese viceroy of Goa if it was to avoid the seizure and confiscation of its merchandise.
Chetti or Chettiar Merchant of South India. Chowki Customs outpost.
Cowries Conch shells used as a medium of exchange. Dahsala A revenue system in which the average produce of different crops as well as the average prices of the past 10 years were calculated and One-third of the average produce in terms of cash was collected by the State as the land revenue. It was introduced by Akbar in his 24th year of reign.
Danabandi It was a revenue system in which not the actual crop (as in the Batai system) but the estimated crop was divided between the government and the cultivator. During the British period the zamindars under the permanent settlement increasingly demanded payment of their share of estimated crop not in kind but in cash at market rates of the certain periods of the year which proved disastrous to the cultivators.
Desai or Deshmukh Principal hereditary revenue officer of a district (sarkar) or sub-district (Pargana) in western India and Deccan.
Deshpande Hereditary accountant of revenue collection at the district or subdistrict level in Western India or Deccan.
Dadni System The system in which merchants (both Indian and European) gave cash and raw material advances (dadan) to the artisans and later bought the finished products. Though it originated and grew in Bengal, later it spread to other parts of India as well. It is not the same as the "putting out" system in so far as the transactions ; t covered were still sales, with the artisan retaining con
'rable independence.
Dumdupat A rule under which no debtor was liable to pay an amount of interest exceeding the principal or original loan itself. Prevalent in western India.
Dalai Broker middleman in commercial transactions. Daroga Head of police, customs or excise outpost. Diwani Right to collect revenue of a province. Farman Royal order or decree.
Grantidar Person holding land tenure (granti) directly
under the government or zamindar in some parts of eastern India (e.g. Jessore dist.). In other parts of eastern India, these tenure holders were known by different names such as "Jatedar" in Rangpur dist., 'Haoladars' in Bakaraganj dist., "Gatchdass" in Purnea dist., "Mandals" in Midnapore dist. etc. These people were mostly big tenure holders who depended considerably on hired labour for the cultivation of their lands. Their origins were largely associated willi large-scale reclamation of wasteland particularly in the early part of British period.
Goldar Wholesale merchant owning a warehouse (gola) Ganj Mart or trade centre or market.
Hali or Haliya Bonded agricultural labourer of Western India.
Hundi An indigenous bill of exchange in Mughal India it promised payment after a specific period (2 months 0] less) at a particular place allowing a discount whicl included interest, insurance charges and cost of transmis. sion of money. Hundis increasingly became the standarc form of payment in major commercial transactions in 18ft century. In the long distance trade, they not only met thE requirements of an expanding demanc!. for credit, bu reduced the risks involved in the transmission of cash distant places. Their business was mainly in the hands 0 the professional money changers or bankers, called thE "Sarrafs" or "Shroffs".
Hasil Land revenue actually collected or realised from an estate or area. Hat Periodic village fair.
Ijara It means practice of revenue farming. According to this practice, the right to farm or collect revenue wal granted temporarily to the highest bidder in an auction bJ the government or the zamindar of the jagirdar. In retun for this function, the ijaradar (revenue farmer) was re warded with a commission of 4 to 6 per cent and a fev other benefits. Having its origins in the reign of Shah Jahan it became common during Aurangzeb's period and unde the later Mughals. The British also used this practice for some time in eastern India.
Ijaradar Revenue farmer in eastern India.
Iqtadar Holders of an 'igta' under the Delhi Sultans Also known as "Muqti".
Inam Revenue free land or some gift from superior inferior.
Iqta Unit of land whose revenues were assigned t( government officials in lieu of their salaries in the Delli Sultanate.
Jajmani System It was a reciprocal system of prescribe rights and obligsrt1ons-between specific rural families.
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